Propsects and Challenges of Integrated Electonic Health Records for Managed Care Organizations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3801 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? PROPSECTS AND CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATED ELECTONIC HEALTH RECORDS FOR MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS by Peter Oluseyi Okebukola MPH/MBA Intended audience This is a public policy memo directed to the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). CONTENTS ? ? ? ? ? Executive Summary Background Definitions stakeholders Options and implications for managed care ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Individual practice association (IPA) or network model HMOs Staff or group model HMOs Point of service (POS) plans Medicare/ Medicaid Medical tourism Potential Problems Possible Resolution and its Possible Effects Conclusion and Potential Areas for Further Study Recommendations Executive Summary Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) has been shown to improve organizational efficiency and has the potential to transform healthcare and the managed care industry in the near future. The potential impact of HIT on cost savings and quality improvement has led Congress to enact the American Recovery and Re-investment Act of 2009 (ARRA) which encourages the use of information technology to achieve fully integrated electronic health records system in the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Propsects and Challenges of Integrated Electonic Health Records for Managed Care Organizations" essay for you Create order This law has a lot of implications for the managed care industry which is responsible for the healthcare of a large percentage of Americans. There are many models of managed care and there are also many models of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which suit each of these different models. However, what is good for one model of HMO may not be good for the other and I hypothesize that this may create many independent, self-sufficient health information systems that may not allow the over-arching goal of the ARRA Act of interconnectivity and interoperability to be met. I propose that a generic model of health information system be developed by the ONCHIT which would have as its backbone, the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). This system will be anchored around the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the managed care organizations would design their own systems in such a way as to be interconnected with this system, as opposed to having their own standalone systems. There are many teething problems within this developing area and my roposition may cause some more, but if the ONCHIT ensures that the innovative MCOs who have already installed their own systems are not penalized but encouraged and the spirit of competition is not dampened among vendors, the expected benefits of EHRs may soon be reaped by all, especially the enrollees of the various managed care organizations in the United States. Background Despite the widespread use of information technology in many industries in the general US economy, the health sector in general and managed ca re organizations in particular have yet to put its potential power to good use. The benefits of the value of information technology and its potential for cost saving and improved quality and reduced costs in the long run are well documented (Hillestad 2005, Chen 2009). Despite this however, about 17% of U. S doctor‘s offices and 10% of hospitals have only basic electronic health records, which are by no means integrated and interoperable (Blumenthal 2009). These conditions necessitate that the manner of recording patients‘ clinical information in most care settings is in paper form, which means that the process of reimbursement and payment of claims by managed care organizations is in paper format without any way of truly monitoring care across the different variants of the managed care organization systems. This has many implications for quality control and measurement in the managed care settings of both public and private payment systems including Medicare and Medicaid (Hudson-Scholle 2010). In a bid to remedy the situation, the US government enacted the American Recovery and Re-investment Act of 2009 (ARRA) which contains legislation on the use of information technology to achieve a universal inter-operable and fully integrated electronic health records system in the United States. This legislation, called HITECH, provides up to $30 billion in financial incentives intended to get doctors and hospitals to adopt and use EHRs all contingent on demonstrating the ? meaningful use‘. (Blumenthal 2009,Weiner 2010b). This legislation has many laudable objectives and in the context of managed care, it would be appropriate to discuss the various definitions and implications for the heterogeneous managed care industry and more importantly, the patients, who are the beneficiaries of all these efforts. Definitions There is a need to define the taxonomy to be used in this paper. This has been culled from the lectures by Professor Jonathan Weiner. Health information technology (HIT) thus refers to the ? application of electronic health records (EHR) and other digital technologies to the delivery and management of health care? nd is sometimes used interchangeably with the term ? e-health‘ which refers to ? health and healthcare practices supported by electronic processes and communication? , while health informatics (HI) refers to ? the systematic application of information and computer sciences and technology to health care practice, research and learning? (Weiner 2010b) Managed care is defined as an integrated system that manages health services for an enrolled population rather than simply paying or providing for them (Weiner 2010a). This definition incorporates the fact that managed care organizations need to monitor the health of their enrollees and there is no better way to do so than with the use of health information technology. Stakeholders There are many stakeholders in this drive to achieve interoperable electronic health records systems. The most important stakeholders are the managed care organizations and their enrollee base, doctors and hospitals. However, there are a few more important players in this emerging sector. When the ARRA Act was passed, it mandated the creation of the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). ?ONCHIT currently exists under executive authority, but the HITECH provision enshrines it in statute and greatly expands its resources. One responsibility of the ONCHIT will be to create a strategic plan for a nationwide interoperable health information system, a plan that must be updated annually. Two statutory committees will advise the coordinator: a Health Information Policy Committee and a Health Information Standards Committee? (Blumenthal 2009). The purpose of this office is to guide the deployment of Information Technology to make sure that they meet standards and the unique demands of the healthcare system and in particular, the managed care organizations, which are responsible for financing a large proportion of healthcare in the United States. While there were industry appointed watch dogs that served as a self-regulatory body, such as Health Level Seven International (HL7), the ONCHIT would now play a wider role which would be more than the HL7‘s of developing standards and providing a comprehensive framework for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and the management of health services (HL7, 2010). The practical implications of this become apparent when we note that of the 85% of insured Americans, the financing mechanisms which include public (Medicare and Medicaid) and private, managed care organizations are responsible for the care of most insured Americans. The various roles which health information technology can play in the various managed care systems are discussed below. Options and Implications for Managed Care The characteristics of managed care make it an ideal candidate for the implementation and use of EHRs. The functions of managed care are to organize the tripod of care management or disease management, coordination of providers and financial monitoring or regulation (Weiner 2101a). These functions can be carried out more effectively by the use of information technology as the case of the Kaiser Permanente HMO (Chen 2009) and the Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLC (Dunbar 2010) has shown. Traditional health insurance models can be roughly divided into the traditional fee-for-service indemnity model, ? managed care? indemnity plan, preferred provider organizations (PPO) which make up about 45% of insured Americans, and the health maintenance organization (HMO) which covers about 35% of insured Americans (Weiner 2010a). The HMOs are often referred to as point of service or POS plans. I would like to posit that the role of health information technology in these different organizations varies and that even though it might be tempting to have different frameworks of health information technology or each of these plans, a generic, interoperable system would be the best, given the peculiarities of the American system. The effects on individual practice association or network model HMOs: These are health insurance plans that contract with existing groups and solo private practitioners to care for patients either on capitated or risk-sharing FFS basis (Weiner 2010a) They are u sually disjointed and with the diversity in practice and sheer number of vendors, it may be indeed difficult for the same electronic health system to be shared by all. This complexity however makes the system more inefficient as connectivity between all the individual practices in the network may be costly and in an event where people are trying to implement it, the difficulty involved may make the stakeholders feel that it is not worth it. However in the Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLC, the health information systems have improved productivity and contributed to the bottom line giving hope that these can indeed be replicated throughout the country with patience, creativity and ability to factor in the concerns of all stakeholders (Dunbar 2010). The effect on the staff or group model HMOs: this model involves physicians hired either directly by the HMO or by a separate physician group formed exclusively to serve that HMO‘s patients. This is the model of the Kaiser Permanente and health information systems have been successfully installed and have proved very efficient as discussed by Chen et al (2009). However, from a macro-economic stand-point, these stand-alone information systems for various group model HMOs may not fully help meet the goals set by congress that promulgated the ARRA Act. This is because for the administrators of these systems, the architecture is established in such a way as to encourage interconnectivity within the network and the more the system can be kept free from external influences, the better. This naturally discourages the openness and interconnectivity that the proponents of the ARRA act envisioned. The question is that will interconnectivity breed lack of innovation and stifle competition? This question is answered by David Blumenthal who posits that with a well regulated environment, interconnectivity can be assured while maintaining the standards of interoperability required by all forms of health information systems, regardless of the model of HMO or managed care. This means that the standards that are set have to be fair and not punish the innovative ones who have begun to implement the system before others or those who push the frontiers of innovation in specific features of the various systems. Use to point of service (POS) plans: this is a type of plan where the enrollee can decide at the ? point of service? whether they want to stay within the HMO network or get service covered at less generous levels from providers ? outside? the network (Weiner 2010a). The modalities for health information technology are slightly different for this type of model. This is because the onus is on the consumer to choose where he/she would rather have care. The implications are that the type of electronic health system implemented would be different from that used in the network model HMO. This type of EHR would be heavily dependent on the personal health record (PHR) which would have to be taken to the new provider or made available to the doctor via the internet. It puts the power in the hands of the consumer to make use of the personal health records which will be developed to improve its functionality and act as a ? mobile? or virtual health record, which can be called up by any physician the patient decides to see at that particular time. The care given would be documented and the patient has it on record so that the doctor who treats her next would see the interventions done and then follow up. Also, it makes billings and financial management easier on the part of the administrators of the HMO for monitoring of reimbursement of funds to be providers in different locations. Effect on Medicare/ Medicaid: these large programs potentially have the most to gain from the establishment of interoperable health information systems as they have a large number of enrollees and are federal in nature. These programs would benefit from a central modulated system so as to ensure the ease of use across the different states and multiple stakeholders. When these systems are interoperable, it makes it easier to avoid costs of interconnectivity. However, because they have an increasingly larger part made up of managed care, it is important that the office of the ONCHIT ensures that stand-alone systems are discouraged and that most of these systems are interoperable with the electronic health systems used by the CMS. This is important as the system used by Medicare and Medicaid for administrative and clinical monitoring covers so many patients and it is necessary for the various HMOs that have roles in the various programs e. . Part D and Medicare Advantage programs to be able to connect seamlessly to the system used by Medicare and Medicaid to avoid unnecessary delays and inefficiency. Effect on â€Å"medical tourism†: The advent of tele-medicine which got its start in remote settings with few providers has led to a possible change in the way managed care organizations can organize care. Indeed the cost of healthcare can be m arkedly reduced with the ability of doctors to offer advice even thought they are not physically present. They can review the patient‘s status online and communicate with the patients virtually. According to Weiner, this is likely to lead to a type of ? digital medical tourism‘ or more correctly, ? tele-health without borders? (Weiner 2010b). Potential Problems Despite government‘s interest and sector-wide initiatives, not so much progress has been made. There have been many teething problems associated with HITECH including a policy and political stalemate in which players could not agree on particular standards and procedures (Diamond 2008). On the demand side, many barriers still exist, including high costs, lack of certification and standardization, concerns about privacy, and a disconnect between who pays for EMR systems and who profits from them (Hillestad 2005). Other concerns include the perceived lack of financial returns from investing in them, the technical and logistic challenges involved in installing, maintaining, and updating them, and consumers‘ and physicians‘ concerns (Blumenthal 2009). For managed care organizations that have already put in place their own custom-built systems, there might be inertia to remodel their systems in such a way as to ensure interoperability. The onus is however on Medicare and Medicaid through the CMS, to demonstrate the use of EHRs for their patients and most managed care organizations will follow suit, making systems that are interoperable the CMS as the standard or focal point. Other challenges nclude the ethics of the EHRs which patient safety and confidentiality (Diamond 2008), sales of vital information using the principles of ethics of managed care: beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice. These tenets apply to the implementation of EHRs too (Taylor 2010). Possible Resolution and its Possible Effects Even though health absorbs more than $1. 7 trillion per year,—twice the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average—premature mortality in the United States is much higher tha n OECD averages (Hillestad 2005). This underscores the need for the rapid initiation of electronic health records, if the tide of increasing costs is to be stemmed. This is however not limited to the United States as large scale initiatives put in place by the World Bank and WHO have also tried to stimulate the implementation of HER on a global scale (Fraser 2005, Mars 2010). There is reason for optimism as organizations who have implemented fully functional electronic health records system have success stories. An example is the Kaiser HMO which has seen marked improvement in operational efficiency and has seen costs reduce markedly (Chen 2009). The government‘s action promises to improve the efficiency of managed care organizations. While it is obvious that clinical practice will no longer be limited to paper-based records that will be limited to the facility, the emergence of EHR will encourage resource sharing and will be a veritable tool for comparing health plans, HMOs, hospitals and physicians when it comes to issues of quality measurement, as advocated by the National Committee for Quality Assurance, NCQA (Hudson-Scholle 2010). On the part of the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), it is saddled with the responsibility to monitor the fledgling industry and ensure a standard playing field for all stakeholders. According to Jha et al, this is easier said than done as this move may further deepen the inequity in the system. They posit that ? as the nation moves toward greater use of EHRs, it is important to determine whether or not there are aps in adoption rates between hospitals that disproportionately care for the poor and those that do not. There seem to be modest differences in quality of care between hospitals that disproportionately care for the poor and those that do not? (Jha 2009). These concerns are real and need to be addressed. Also, the ONCHIT has realized that the incentives have to be structured in such a way as to ensure that providers benefit from improving the quality and efficiency of the ser vices they provide. Only then will they be motivated to take full advantage of the power of EHRs (Blumenthal 2009). The real winners may be the technology companies who stand to gain a lot from the expansion of their business and the relatively untapped market. It is however important not to fall into the trap identified by Diamond, who identified the problem of over-regulation and setting unachievable standards. They identified another approach which should ? focus on a minimal set of standards at first and would make utility for the user to improve health outcomes, rather than agreement of the vendor on the key criteria. Finally, it would require clear policy statements that will guide the design of technology. All of these issues are inextricably connected, and they should be pursued together?. This is important if the government is not to stifle creativity (Diamond 2009). Above all, the customers and not managed care organizations alone are to be the beneficiaries as they should be assured that their information will not be used for any other purposes they have not consented to. Steinbrook muses that because legal protections have not kept pace with technological advances, Congress may wish to amend HIPAA or enact new legislation to safeguard personally controlled electronic health data. If concerns about privacy, security, and commercial exploitation can be allayed, this nascent enterprise should have a smoother birth. (Steinbrook 2010). Conclusion and potential areas for further study There are many areas that need further studies as highlighted by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report which the highlighted the dearth of adequate data on the benefits of health information technology for providers and hospitals that are not part of integrated systems which include the individual practice associations (IPA) and point of service plans (POS) (Orszag 2008). A thorough study of this area will bring to the fore, concerns of stand-alone hospitals and providers and the potential benefits of interoperability. Recommendations I have posited that indeed Electronic Health Records are necessary for the improvement in managed care in the US and the government has set up many initiatives and policies to ensure that this is fast-tracked including setting up of financial incentives for hospitals and doctors to implement EHR. However, there are various types of EHRs which are applicable to the various HMO or managed care models and there is a risk of creating many fully functional and totally interoperable systems. I suggest that the office of the ONCHIT should, with wide consultation, encourage managed care organizations and care givers to have a basic template for the architecture of their systems and have as the focal point, the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid, which should develop its own system that can be inter-connected to the various variants used by the various HMOs. While the ONCHIT has a lot to do in this regard, the obstacle to overcome are significant, but can only be overcome by continuous deliberation and dialogue among all the stakeholders. Indeed it may be a laudable endeavor, but it is not yet ? uhuru‘ as there are many obstacles on the path to the promised land of fully functional, inter-connected and inter-operable, user friendly electronic health records which are used nationwide and are used as a template for quality improvement performance measures for managed care organizations. References Blumenthal, D. Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. New England Journal of Medicine Volume 360, Number 15. April 9, 2009 Chen, C. , Garrido T. , Chock, D. , Okawa, G. , Liang L. The Kaiser Permanente Electronic Health Record: Transforming and Streamlining Modalities of Care. Health Affairs Volume 28, Number 2323, 2009. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 2. 323 Diamond, C. , Shirky, C. Health Information Technology: A Few Years of Magical Thinking? Health Affairs 27, no. 5 (2008): w383–w390 (published online 19 August 2008;10. 1377/hlthaff. 27. 5. w383)] Dunbar L. Care Management in Network Plans; Lecture given on February 2nd, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class. Fonkych K. , Taylor R. , The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Adoption SantaMonica, Calif. : RAND, 2005). Fraser H. , Biondich P, Moodley D. Implementing Electronic Medical Record Systems In Developing Countries. Informatics in Primary Care 2005; Volume 13: 83–95 Hillestad, R. , Bigelow J. , Bower, A. , Girosi, F. , Meili R. , Scoville R. , Taylor R. Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform HealthCare? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs. Health Affairs Volume 24, Number 51103, 2005. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 24. 5. 1103 HL7, 2009. Health Level 7, Retrieved fromhttps://www. hl7. org/about/index. cfm HL7 on February 20, 2010 Hudson-Scholle S. Measuring Quality, Driving Value. Text of lecture delivered in Managed Care and Health Insurance Class, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, February 22 2010. Jha A. , DesRoches C. , Shields A. , Miralles P. , Zheng J. , Rosenbaum S. , Campbell E. Evidence Of An Emerging Digital Divide Among Hospitals That Care For The Poor. Health Affairs Volume 28 No 6, 2009 DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 6. w1160 Mars M. , Scott, R. Global E-Health Policy: A Work In Progress. Health Affairs Volume 29 Number 2, 2010: 239-245. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2009. 0945 Orszag, R. Congressional Budget Office, ? Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Health Information Technology,? Testimony before the House on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health, 24 July 2008. https://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/95xx/doc9572/07-24-HealthIT. pdf (Retrieved on February 20 2010). Steinbrook, R. Personally Controlled Online Health Data —The Next Big Thing in Medical Care? New England Journal of Medicine; Volume 358 Number 16. Retrieved from www. nejm. org. on February 19, 2010. Taylor H. , Introduction to Ethical Issues in Managed Care. Lecture given on March 8th, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class. Weiner J. , The Developing Health IT/ Electronic Health Record (EHR) Infrastructure: Implications for Population-based Managed Care. Lecture given on March 3rd, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class.

Machiavelli As A Renaissance Man - 2969 Words

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Journal Advanced Manufacturing Technology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Advanced Manufacturing Technology? Answer: Introduction Woolworths Limited is a major Australian organization with broad retail enthusiasm all through Australia and New Zealand. It is the second largest organization in Australia by income, after Perth based retail-engaged combination Wesfarmers Ltd. Furthermore, Woolworths Limited is the biggest takeaway alcohol retailer in Australia. Woolworths Limited was established in September 1924, initially under the name "Woolworths Bazaar Ltd.", a play on the globally famous F. W. Woolworth name. In the wake of finding the name had not been enlisted in Australia, and Woolworths had no plans for abroad extension, the organization progressed toward becoming "Woolworths Limited" on 22 September 1924. Following the organization's first "Bargain Basement" opening in the Imperial Arcade, on Sydney's Pitt Street, there was little enthusiasm for investors to quicken the brand's development. Be that as it may, as exchanging proceeded and investors brought more capital, the profits paid by the organization expanded from 5% to half after its third year of operation(Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017). Woolworths has ended year 2016 with $1.6 million loss, however in 2017, the organisation has shown a rapid development with $2.6 million profit before interest and tax(see Appendix A). With its 992 stores operating currently, Woolworths Supermarkets serve over 29 million customers across their brands every week, with more than 200,000 team members employed(Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017) Operations and Logistics Analysis Inventory Management at Woolworths supermarkets is currently achieved through an online system which is complemented by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) guns to monitor stock counts and ensure the correct load is received and ordered. The inventory system automatically orders the load after approval by the duty manager based on sales and inventory data from previous day (see appendix C Load Forecasting) . Incorrect inventory data results in the incorrect load being ordered. This then leads to excess stock which is a contributor to holdings costs and order costs. The core problem in this system is the room for error which is determined by multiple factors. The grocery load among with other items such as seafood and meat is delivered to the store everyday. Each time a load is delivered a member of staff must receive the load which is done by entering the load serial number into an RFID gun and submitting this into the system. The load is then recognised by the system and the items received will be added to stock counts. After these items are filled by staff the left-overs or overs are tagged by the RFID gun and put into Long Term Overs (LTO). These items are then filled the next day whilst staff utilise the RFID guns by modifying the counts and changing stock locations. The current system harbours too much room for error (see appendix B Load Data).One element of the internal system affects another meaning the system as a whole is interdependent on its sub elements (Senge,1990) The issues in the inventory system include: Incorrect stock counts which lead to incorrect items in the next load. Stock location not synonymous with RFID location. This means either the previous load was not received correctly or the item was scanned into the wrong cage. This results again in the next load being incorrect. RFID count of Stock on Hand (SOH) not the same as actual stock on hand. Gap Scan: refers to scanning the gaps on the shelves where stock has been completely bought. The gap scan is performed every day to ensure the inventory system orders correct items; Gap scan completed incorrectly leads to minimal or excess stock, stock out or inventory block. Large quantity order- An example would be an individual buys 10 cans of dog food with multiple flavours, to save time the cashier only scans one can ten times. The result being the count is now wrong meaning the next load will then be wrong. Cost Benefit Analysis Solution/ Cost Benefit ABC Classification software system update Products further categorised by priority to account for demand Weekly Periodic system checks Common periodic inventory counts will contribute to the minimisation of incorrect stock Working closer with supply chain Reduced lead time for items in transit. Reduced chance of stock out. Increased logistical awareness. RFID holds information on product popularity, shelf life and product arrival date. Staff gain deeper product knowledge which contributes to customer satisfaction. Proper utilization of the LTO system Using weekly periodic counts along with ABC classification system will reduce LTO item count Specialised managerial and staff training on RFID Managers and staff have in depth RFID knowledge which will then minimise human error. Competitive Rivalry Within the Australian grocery industry there are various organisations such as Woolworths, Coles, IGA and Aldi who strive and compete within the intense industry to limit the amount of market share that other supermarkets acquire (Majumder, 2012). The intense rivalry that these competitors produce within the market force Woolworths to continually shape their strategy and value proposition to become more efficient and effective as an organization, by differentiating themselves from their competition, Woolworths will continue to develop as an organization to improve into the future (24sevenwritters, 2013). The Australian supermarket industry is currently controlled by Woolworths and Coles who remain the two dominant retailers holding a combined market share of 71%. Power of Suppliers The power that the suppliers of Woolworths have is seen as low, due to the fact that there is a large amount of products within Australia and New Zealand market who wish to enter the industry by gaining exposure and increasing their sales through a partnership with Woolworths. Therefore the dependence that Woolworths have over majority of their suppliers and their prices are low as there are a large amount of alternatives that could replace a greedy supplier to be apart of the largest supermarket in Australia (24sevenwritters, 2013). Power of Buyers Alternatively, the buyer power that the customers have over Woolworths is seen as extremely high due to the fact that Woolworths strives to give their consumers the best possible price to maintain their market share. Furthermore, if Woolworths decide to raise their prices they will lose customers to competitor supermarkets, which is the worst-case scenario. Therefore, Woolworths strive to keep the customers happy with the best possible prices to gain the most market share and sales within the industry (Majumder, 2012). Threat of Substitution Within the supermarket industry there are various alternatives for consumers to purchase their products. These include convenience stores, non supermarket affiliated petrol stations, pharmacies, fresh food markets and other competitor supermarket chains. Customers are willing to pay higher prices for the same products found in supermarkets, if it is seen as more convenient. This means convenience stores within a close vicinity that has no lines and easier parking. Therefore, the amount of substitutes in the supermarket industry is seen and moderately high as there is opportunity for some profit even though there is not a lot of market share to maintain (Majumder, 2012). Threat of new Entrants The Australian supermarket industry is seen as an unattractive market to enter. This is due to the low prices offered in australian retail stores that seem to produce a low potential profit. With the market dominated by two main organisations the threat of new entrants is seen as low with various barriers of entry, which act as obstacles for new competitors who wish to enter the industry. Recommendations The main issue that has been addressed with Woolworths inventory system is the room for error across a multitude of areas, with each element having an impact on the next. The introduction of automated identification (Auto-ID) technology such as RFID has enabled electronic labelling and wireless identification of objects, which facilitates real-time product visibility and data. However, it also presents many challenges due to lack of standards and roadmaps to transform Auto-ID technologies into Auto-ID solutions (Mills-Harris et al. 2006). The following solutions can set the standard for Woolworths inventory system and improve its accuracy, to be able to serve their customers better and save money. Solution 1: RFID Count of Stock of Hand (SOH) Woolworths sell a large range of different consumer products in all of their supermarkets, with some of them having shorter shelf lives than others. Therefore, higher tracking is needed for these types of inventory to ensure the SOH is at the right level every time to meet demand, while also avoiding the stock expiring on the shelves. Implementing the ABC classification system allows inventory to be categorised according to a measure of importance, to allocate control efforts from most important to least important (Stevenson 2017). Categorising items such as meat and milk as high priority Category A items is necessary, as these items have a short shelf life and need to be closely monitored to meet demand, while still moving quick enough that the product does not expire before it is purchased, which becomes another cost factor (Mills-Harris et al. 2006). Ordering priority items in smaller, more frequent quantities (with lead time factored) will reduce the holding costs of the inventor y in the supermarkets, however it will increase ordering costs as the number of orders needed to satisfy customer demand will increase. On the other hand, reducing the level of stock on hand will reduce the chance of product expiring and ensure the product is fresh and new. The ABC classification system can also be used to classify items based on demand, as well as seasonal periods. Including this information in the inventory system can go a long way to help inventory managers decide on when to order products and how much to order each time. Solution 2: Physical Stock Count Woolworths utilise both a periodic system and perpetual inventory system for inventory counting. The perpetual inventory system gives inventory managers a fairly accurate idea of stock levels for products in real time, where they will make orders once the stock levels have dropped to a predetermined minimum level (Stevenson 2017). To make sure this system is as accurate as possible, the periodic system needs to be performed more frequently to identify discrepancies quicker and reduce how many occur. Frequency of inventory review has been found to negatively correlate with inventory record inaccuracy, as discrepancies are easier to spot when inventory reorders are being placed, or when inventory is being physically replenished (Barratt et al. 2010). Doing a physical count of stock more often will help keep stock levels in the perpetual inventory system in check, which will contribute to the correct ordering sizes and will save Woolworths a lot of money in holding and ordering costs. Solution 3: Large Quantity Order Another way to keep stock levels in check is to properly train inventory managers and staff using RFID guns in the supermarkets. For example, staff scanning purchases at the checkout could be entering multiple quantities of one type of flavour of a product, when the customer has a few different flavours. This then throws out the stock levels of each flavoured product, as each flavour has either been entered too much or not entered at all. Correctly training staff with RFID in the beginning and then frequently reminding them of the importance of correct entry of sales is important. These reminders can be exercised with posters at register stations, trolley challenges and discussed at monthly staff meetings and stock takes. Highlighting the importance of keeping stock levels accurate to staff will go a long way to help maintain accurate stock levels in the perpetual inventory system that Woolworths have in place. Conclusion A strategic analysis shows that Woolworth growth is supported by its commitment towards its customers, leading to expansion of its operation. The internal environment has impacted the potential growth of Woolworth by the adaption of strategies such as fair price policy strategy and continuous innovation strategy and it should also adapt a strategy of training skilled employees. Australian industries face external environment conditions such as changing social patterns; political conditions i.e. government influence, technology and adverse economic conditions which affect Woolworth Limited negatively. With respect to market mix, quality of retail industry is a key factor and Woolworth promotes its brand on quality basis References 24sevenwriters (2013). Strategic Management analysis of Woolworth Supermarket. [online] 24SevenWriters. Available at: https://lastfreelance.wordpress.com/2013/11/23/strategic- management-analysis-of-woolworth-supermarketupd/, viewed on 3 October 2017. Barratt, M, Rabinovich, E Annibal, C 2010, Inventory accuracy: Essential, but often overlooked, Supply Chain Management Review, 14(2), 36. Majumder, N. (2012). Woolworths Ltd - A Case Study Report | Strategic Management | Retail. [online] Scribd. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/doc/99563233/Woolworths-Ltd-A-Case-Study-Report viewed on 1 October. 2017. Mills-Harris, M, Soylemezoglu, A Saygin, C 2006, Adaptive inventory management using RFID data, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 32(9-10), pp.1052-1052. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday Business. Stevenson, WJ 2017, Operations management, 12th edn McGraw Hill Irwin, New York. com.au. (2017). About Us - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. com.au. (2017). The Woolworths Story - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/The_Woolworths_Story/How_We_Were_Founded/ [Accessed 2 Oct.

Commercial Law Law Reform Commission

Question: Describe about the Commercial Law for Law Reform Commission. Answer: Issue The issue here is whether Rebecca sues Michelle in negligence for her losses. Rules Negligence refers to the act done by a person in careless manner due to which physical, psychological or financial loss or injury is caused to another person or group of persons (Legal Services Commission, 2013). The suffered person might sue the person who caused such damage to compensate for the loss or injury incurred to him (Lawstuff, 2015). Civil Liability Act 1936 is applicable in South Australia, which is utilized in assessment of negligent act done by any person and the liability imposed on him for such an act. The sufferer seeks financial compensation for loss or damage(Legal Services Commission , 2013). In order to determine whether negligence has occurred or not, four demands must be satisfied i.e. if the defendant owes a duty of care or responsibility towards plaintiff, if that duty of care has been breached by the defendant, if any kind of injury or damage has been caused to the plaintiff, and finally, if the reason of injury or damage has been the consequence of breach of the duty of care and responsibility. To prove negligence on the part of defendant, all these factors are required to be satisfied and if even one of the above mentioned demands is not fulfilled, the establishment of negligence is impossible (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). To determine whether a person owes a duty of care towards other, the existence of a sufficient proximity of relationship is must. It is a legal obligation to prevent a person from causing harm to others and then also caused, when harm is rationally predictable and due care is not taken (RMIT University, 2004). The court determines the breach of duty of care by seeking at the standard of care to be predictable in the existing conditions. It is considered by the court that what course of action would have been done by a reasonable person in the similar situation and if the act done by the defendant has been found to be unreasonable from the standard predicted, he will be proved guilty of breach of due duty of care(Legal Aid , 2015). To determine the relation of breach of duty of care and injury, it is to be assessed if there are more than one causes of injury. Contributory negligence occurs in case where the cause of injury is found to have been the contribution of the injured person themselves(Trindade et al., 2007). Plaintiff will be considered as contributory negligent if he/she has failed to take due care for self-safety or loss incurred (International Law Office, 2001). Application Rebecca and Michelle were drunk when they left the opera after the performance. Even if Rebecca has realized the fact that Michelle was too drunk to drive, she did not refuse to sit in the car and not even suggested her not to drive the car in that condition. When they were on their way to home, knowing Michele was driving dangerously, she asked her twice to get out of the car but Michelle refused. As a consequence, Michelle continued the driving and crashed the car. Rebecca got seriously injured and her leg got broken. There is a clear Negligence on the part of Michelle. As Michelle drove the car in a careless manner as a consequence of which, Rebecca suffered from serious physical injuries. She got her leg broken. The assessment of negligent act done by Michelle can be proved under the Civil Liability Act of South Australia and Rebecca is eligible to sue Michelle for compensation for the loss or injury incurred to him. The four factors which are required to be satisfied to prove the negligence on the part of Michelle are as follows; Michelle and Rebecca are friends which show there is a sufficient relationship between the two to owe a duty of care towards each other. In this case, it was the legal obligation of Michelle and Rebecca to owe a duty of care towards each other. Neither Rebecca advised Michelle not to drive harshly even if she realized that she was very much drunk to drive the car, nor did Michelle though once not to drive as it might cause harm to both of them. Michelle and Rebecca are equally liable for the harm occurred as the harm was reasonably foreseeable and none of them took due care and responsibility. The breach of duty of care is clearly visible on the part of Michelle as, any reasonable person would not drive a car in a drunken state and put his/her life as well as others life in danger. However, duty of care has been breached on behalf of Rebecca also as, she should have stopped Michelle from driving the car in drunken condition. Contributory negligence shall be applicable on Rebecca as she was conscious enough not to accept the ride when Michelle was driving the car in a drunken state. She has failed to take due care for her own safety due to which she suffered serious injury. The fact is that Michelle and Rebecca are friends and equally owes duty of care towards each other, breached the duty of care, and the consequences are the serious injuries to Rebecca. The court would hold both of them equally liable for the incident. Conclusion Rebecca should not sue Michelle in negligence because she herself is equally responsible for the accident happened. Firstly, Michelle should not have driven car in drunken state and secondly, if she was ready to drive, it was the legal responsibility of Rebecca to stop her from driving the car. If then, she failed to do accordingly, she should have denied the ride to home with her for her own safety but she accepted the ride. The fault of Michelle is that she must have thought about the consequences of driving in a drunken state but she acted negligently and crashed the car and injured her friend too. Of course, her fault is bigger than the fault of Rebecca but the accident might have avoided by the reasonable act of Rebecca. Therefore, she is equally liable. Therefore, Rebecca should not sue Michelle for negligence. References Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016. 16. Authorising what would otherwise be a Tort. [Online] Available at: https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/right-sue-tort [Accessed 9 September 2016]. International Law Office, 2001. Contributory Negligence no Longer a Winning Defence. [Online] Available at: https://www.internationallawoffice.com/Newsletters/Litigation/Australia/Clayton-Utz/Contributory-Negligence-no-Longer-a-Winning-Defence [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Lawstuff, 2015. Being Sued. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawstuff.org.au/sa_law/topics/being-sued [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Legal Aid , 2015. Negligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/InformationAboutTheLaw/BirthLifeandDeath/Personalinjury/Pages/Negligence.aspx [Accessed 9 September 2016]. Legal Services Commission , 2013. Negligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch01s05.php [Accessed September 2016]. Legal Services Commission, 2013. What is negligence? [Online] Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch29s05s01.php [Accessed 10 September 2016]. RMIT University, 2004. Explanation of negligence concept map. [Online] Available at: https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/d_bus/law/business_negligence/concept/explanation.html [Accessed 10 September 2016]. Trindade, F.A., Cane, P. Lunney, M., 2007. The Law of Torts in Australia. Oxford University Press.

A Clockwork Orange - review essays

A Clockwork Orange - review essays Whats it going to be then, eh? the opening line of Anthony Burgess A Clockwork Orange, being the adventures of a young man whose principal interests are rape, ultra-violence and Beethoven. In the story, we are introduced to young Alex and his droogs, who like nothing more than lashings of the old ultraviolence. It is Alex who commits their first murder, and after being betrayed for droog-related political reasons, is sent to jail. Through a new controversial rehabilitation treatment, designed to curb violence and sexual behaviour, the state uses our unlikely hero as their guinea pig. The experiment is a success (I use this word loosely), Alex begins to feel physically repulsed by violence of any sort, and as a side effect, also to Beethoven. He will not commit crime, but he has also deprived of the capacity to chose not to. This leads us to the central point of the novel, concerned with free will: Do we lose our humanity if we are deprived the choice between good and evil? Burgess skilfully introduces us to his futuristic slang, or nadsat, making A Clockwork Orange valuable not only for the questions it raises, but also for its creative and experimental use of the English language in which we see hints of Russian. This is no fluke. What perhaps makes the novel so good is that each word Burgess uses has been chosen intentionally. Stanley Kubricks film version is cannot be left unmentioned, it is, in fact, a masterpiece. Being very faithful to the text, its violent scenes still shock us 30 years on. But perhaps the most interesting thing about the film is that its ending is different to that of the book: chapter 21 is left out. I would agree with many critics in saying that this changes the whole mood of the story. In the book we see Alexs character maturing, putting his old self behind him by choice, while the film shows Alex regressing to his former self. This has...

Free Essays on Abortions

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Free Essays on Abortions Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Throughout the years of history, there existed several controversial topics which have caused severe discrepancy among different groups of people. Abortion is a highly controversial issue which has been constantly argued over for the past few years and probably for many years to come in the future. The main controversy rests with the question of whether Abortion should be outlawed?- whether the law should permit a woman to have an abortion and, if so, under what circumstances or whether the law should protect the unborn. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mothers womb. In other words, Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth. There are two sides to this controversial topic of abortion. One side is the PRO-LIFE, which describes those people who are against abortion altogether. The other side is the PRO- CHOICE which are those who believe it is the woman’s right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. ( David M. O'Brien, "Abortion," World Book Online America Edition,aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/) These two groups offer different solutions to problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. The controversy lies within Induced Abortion. Induced Abortion are procedures carried out to bring on abortion. Such include vacuum suction, which the most common type- this is used in the early stages of pregnancy, dilatation and evacuation (D and E), induction, which the injection of abortifacients such as prostaglandin into the uterus), and hysterotomy, which is a surgical procedure similar to cesarean section used later in pregnancy, especially when the woman’s life is in danger. (M. Muldoon, The Abortion Deb...

TED talks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TED talks - Essay Example As a means of understanding the speakers approach, this particular essay will focus upon a brief summary and analysis as well as discussion of the tactics employed by Charlie Todd and seeking to analyze whether the author agrees or disagrees with such tactics and based upon what grounds. It is the hope of this author that such a level of analysis will help the reader to integrate a more solid understanding and integration with the approach that Charlie Todd takes and whether or not such an approach is applicable within society and if so – to what degree. Furthermore, the analysis will seek to determine whether or not Todd’s approach is necessarily right or wrong. Ultimately, Charlie Todd moved to New York City as a means of kick starting an acting career. Seeing that entering the entertainment industry in New York City was much harder than he had anticipated, Todd sought to begin improv performances at various locations throughout New York as a means of integrating such a level of active acting participation directly with society; who he believed were ultimately the target market for any acting that takes place. In such a way, the â€Å"Improv Everywhere† group was born. ... Accordingly, the overall level of passion that Todd brings to the performances is ultimately infectious and helps to engage fellow shareholders within the participatory nature of his improv. A fact that strikes the viewer as odd in an ear that is so typically driven by greed and the level of money that any form of leisure or entertainment can ultimately be defined by. The joining activity which Todd relates to the viewer is ultimately the very crux of the point that he is trying to make. Rather than merely exhibiting a series of funny videos and situations to elicit a few laughs, the participatory nature of the entire experience is, according to Todd, what helps it to all make sense and be funny not only to the onlookers but also to the participants. This strikes at a central issue which helps to differentiate what Todd and his group do as compared to so many comedians within the current system. Whereas the comedian is interested in making people laugh by integrating them with jokes and/or funny situations, Todd’s improv allows both the participant and the recipient of the situation to realize and appreciate the funny and/or amusing aspects of what is taking place. Whereas Todd wanted to begin his career in New York City as an actor integrating with a traditional audience, he relates to the viewer the sudden and rather unexpected means by which this dream transformed in order to reveal his true talents and interest in the improve groups he was able to establish and direct. With regards to an analysis and statement of agreement with regards to the actions undertaken by Charlie Todd, it is the belief of this author that the improv group is ultimately a highly positive idea. Firstly, it allows individuals who would otherwise be hapless bystanders to take an active and

Latin American Cinema (cuban, Strawberry and Chocolate) Essay

Latin American Cinema (cuban, Strawberry and Chocolate) - Essay Example Describing those days, the film under discussion qualifies as a Cuban cinema with certain typical traits. Mr. Gutierrez Alea, the maker of this film, has always been sensitive towards â€Å"Cubanness†. This Cubanness finds expression through a social commitment, which must also culminate at a social resonance. People must be able to identify themselves with the characters of the film, and further reflect on the subject and predicate of the presentation. Memories of Underdevelopment effectively portrayed the identity factor of the Cuban society and thus it accomplishes as a typical Cuban film. Mr. Gutierrez Alea was critical to the revolution but not destructive towards it. Hence, Memories of Underdevelopment can be defined as a portrait of the Cuban society created by a critical insider of the Cuban Revolution itself. The film covers the humanistic aspects of the revolutionary outlook through the heart and mind of a sensitive filmmaker. Hence, it becomes a descriptive monologue of the Cuban Revolution as a whole. The film has a radical expressionist approach towards the Cuban Revolution and the society. It particularly seeks to point out the stringency and confusion in the post revolutionary Cuba during the 1960s. The film is about an intellectual who strives to find out his place in the post-revolutionary social framework of Cuba. Thus, the director enters a world of inter-contradiction, where we find both revolutionary commitment and humanly hesitations in one go. In the process, the critique becomes pretty innovative. The film does not attack one’s humanly weaknesses. Rather, it portrays this factor of weakness sympathetically. The assertive masterpiece is meshed into the picturing of this sensitive feature of the human mind. The weakness or hesitation actually develops from the internal mind, where subconscious reasoning often takes control of a man’s

Training and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Training and development - Essay Example Experimental collection design for training evaluation offers the best design to use in the determination of the training outcome. The design offers a stronger link between the training outcome and the learning process. Experimental training design can evaluate that the training process led to a change in behavior. As much as the design may be difficult to implement, it avails accurate information needed for organizational growth(Arthur et al., 2003). Experimental collection design is an important factor for this case because it estimates the degree to which a training program has been successful. In addition to this, the design provides stronger evidence of causality that change in training as well as a powerful connection between the training outcome and the learning process. (ADAPP) program sought out to compare the trained group to another non-trained group, which makes it a very suitable design for hypothesis testing. Furthermore, learning as well as behavior is due to the training and only training program. (Saks & Haccoun, 2013). Training and development are crucial functions of the human resource management to ensure the staff yields quality performance. Since the employees are one of the most important assets that help in achievement of organization’s objective, the nature of training and development should be one that focuses on achievement of objectives. After a successful training session, the management of an organization must then carry out an evaluation process to determine the impact of the training process on the improvement of performance. It is thus important that the human resource management must have an appropriate evaluation design that will give an elaborate indication on the training outcome(Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). The three models that measure the effectiveness of training evaluation include;

The Rain Child, Margaret Laurence

The Rain Child, Margaret Laurence Margaret Laurence (1928-1987) is one of the most beloved writers in Canada, she was made a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1972 that shows her popularity. Also The range and the quality of her work made her the most recognized and accomplished of the writers of the 1960s (New 265). She began to write from age 7, but none of her stories was published until she moved to Africa, where she lived for seven years because of her husbands job. Her first published fiction, the Uncertain Flowering, was followed by several short stories, published in various journals, that were collected in The Tomorrow-Tamer in 1963. The Rain Child is one of these short stories, which sets in Africa and was influenced by Laurences experience as a minority there. Moreover, she recognized the division between their [Africans] traditional ancestral past and their contemporary partly Westernized present (New 265). The plot of the story is quite simple; an African girl, Ruth, who has been educated in England moves back to Africa with her father, and becomes a student in Eburaso Girls School where the narrator, Miss Violet Nedden is the English teacher. Her integration, her identity problems and behavioral changes are told by Miss Nedden. These themes can be found in the other short stories as well, because they focus repeatedly on outsiders trying to cope with their own identities (New 266). In addition, Laurence shows special sympathy for those, both African and European, who no longer fully belong anywhere (The Oxford Companion ti Canadian Literature 634) in her short stories. The main motif in The Rain Child is identity because every main character has identity problems. The narrator, Miss Nedden is an English woman who moved to Africa to teach and she has spent there twenty-two years, but she did not become a real African, however she has adapted herself to the circumstences more easily than her boss, Miss Hilda Povey. Miss Povey is more close-minded than Miss Nedden as she says at the beginning of the story, twenty-seven years here [Africa]. . . and she still felt acutely uncomfortable with African parents. Miss Nedden is more open-minded, for instance, she gives up to teach Daffodils and turns to Akans poetry, and she joins to the girls when they go to the Odwira. On the contrary to her achieved integration, Miss Nedden keeps her English identity, for instance, her garden chair which is like a throne for her, and the reader also can sense the superiority over Africans in her thinking. However, she also cannot be a real English woman after spending so m any years in Africa. As she says it at the end of the short story: I think of that island of grey rain where I must go as a stranger, when the time comes. The other main character, Ruth, is also struggling with identity problems because she has lived in England before she moved back to Africa with her father. She seems African with her brown skin but she cannot speak the Twi, the language of the area and she does not know a lot about the African culture and traditions. For her, everybody seems strange and somehow barbarian with the traditional African clothes that they wear after classes and their weird beliefs, for instance: Yindos talisman. She does not feel as she is at home, she wants to go back to England: I wish I were back at home. Ruth becomes happier when she meets David, an English boy, but he makes her shocked when he says: I know youre not the ordinary kind of African. Youre almost almost like a like us.. It is not enough for Ruth, therefore she runs away to the forest and at the end of the short story she leaves the school and goes to another in the town. Ruths father, Dr. Quansah also has got some kind of identity problem. He has worked in England for many years and there he has had friends but he cannot find any neither European nor African in Africa. As he says: I still find most Europeans here as difficult to deal with as I ever did. And yet I seem to have lost touch with my own people, too.. He has got a mixed identity, because he also keeps western habits, but in a way he remains African in his thinking. For instance: he eats western food, wears European clothes and speaks English, but he is not identical to Europeans because he resents the Europeans racism. The theme of identity also brings up the question of race and culture. Ruth is an African girl because of her roots, but she has been brought up in a different culture, therefore she feels herself more English than African. However, in the eyes of other people she will remain African, she cannot be truly English, as David says she is just almost like them. On the contrary, the conclusion of the short story is about the power of culture above race. Race is insignificant and artificial, Laurence is saying; culture is real and inviolable. (Craig 115). In addition to culture, the traditions have got important roles in the short story, for instance, the senior girls are allowed to wear the traditional, colourful African dress. The main traditional event in the story is the Odwira festival. There happens something shocking to Ruth when she sees Kwaale and a boy doing the Shoot an arrow ritual. The boy shoots an imagenary arrow to Kwaale and she shows her naked body to him. It is a reminder that women are the source of life, however Miss Nedden is not sure that Kwaale and the boy really know about this customs meaning or origin or they just care about the beat of their own blood. Also the title of the short story is connected to African culture because when Ruth was born her mother called her an African name which means ËÅ  child of the rainËÅ  . Her English name, Ruth is also interesting because it can be seen as a biblical refernce. Ruth in the Bible was a poor, foreigner woman and her story shows the triumph of ingenuity and courage over tough circumstences. This is a bit sarcastical because in The Rain Child Ruth is neither ingenious nor courageous because she does not want to be a part of her new country. Laurence used mainly Ruths story to tell problems with which a whole nation and generation faced at that time. The themes identity, migration, alienation, integration, race, sense of belonging she put in The Rain Child show a great sense of understaning towards these people. Laurences [style] embraces conscious symbolism while it strives for the immediacy of ordinary experience (New 265).

Religion, Creation Stories, and Creation Myths Essay -- Theology Relig

Religion, Creation Stories, and Creation Myths One of the fundamental questions that religions seek to answer is that of origin. How was man put on earth? Why and from what was he created? Who created him? What does his creation imply about the status of human beings? Some or all of these questions are answered by a religion’s creation stories. Every religion’s creation myths attempt to give solutions to problems present to that religious society. Because of this, each religion may have one or more creation stories, each of those different from one another in the questions they ask and the answers they give. Genesis In the Western world, the most well-known creation story is in Genesis (Myth A), in the Old Testament of the Bible. Surprisingly, even the Bible does not relate only a single account of Creation. In the book of Genesis itself, one can find two versions of the Creation of the world that are similar in idea, but different in content and detail. The story in Genesis I claims that God created the world and everything comprising it in six days. On the first day, God created Day and Night. Next came Sky, then Earth, and then Stars and Sun on the fourth. The fifth day was used to create water and sky dwelling creatures, and finally, on the sixth day, God created all the animals of Earth, finishing with mankind. In this version of the creation story, God created man and woman together, on the sixth day. The seventh day was Sabbath, saved for rest. However, another version of Creation exists in Genesis II, which relates the more popular story of Adam and Eve. Genesis II starts by telling how God rested on the seventh day and then goes into elaboration of the creation of mankind. This seems to imply ... ...telligent species in the universe. We cannot possibly fathom what plan this higher power has, or even if a plan exists, and any attempts to do so would be futile. Instead, we must live this life doing what we believe to be true and right, ideas we ourselves created and so only we can live by. Works Cited Deussen, Paul. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. New York: Dover Punblications, 1966. Eliade, Mircea. Essential Sacred Writings from Around the World. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1967 Freund, Philip. Myths of Creation. New York: Washington Square Press, 1965. Heidel, Alexander. The Babylonian Genesis. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954. The Holy Bible. King James Version. Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 2000. The Rig Veda: An Anthology. Betty Radice, ed. London: Penquin Books, Ltd, 1981.

Balance And Stability

A true athlete develops his entire body to compete with the very best in his sport. He trains both his mind and body to reach his goals. His mind should be able to handle the pressure and stress that are involved in his competitive sport. He must be emotionally fit to compete in his sport; otherwise, he’ll lose or fair far below his expectations. His body should also be able to act and react in the right manner. The mental, emotional and physical aspects of his game must all come together as one.Whether an athlete is a catcher in baseball, a center in basketball, or a quick-running lineman in American football, he must perfectly develop all his faculties to achieve an above average level of balance and stability in his sport. Athletes should pay more attention to balance and stability because these factors are extremely critical in the success of their goals. The terms balance and stability may seem to have the same meaning, but they don’t (Carr, 2007, p. 89). These ter ms however, are very much related to each other. Balance and stability don’t always go together.Depending on the sport, an athlete may have more balance and less stability or none at all and vice versa. Both of these factors are necessary in almost all physical sports though because athletes have to constantly move their bodies while staying on the ground. Balance is a person’s ability to get rid of forces that ruin the evenness or equilibrium of things. Almost all people have balance to some degree. Young and old people use balance to stay on their feet while they're walking, running or hopping. Balance is also used in other movements, such as when a person tiptoes or dances a complex routine.Maintaining one's balance gets harder as the person encounters obstacles in his path. For example, a running back maintains excellent balance while he pierces the defense of the opposing team. In basketball, a point guard also displays above average balancing skills as he dribble s the ball around players guarding the basket (Carr, 2007, p. 89). There are many levels of balance. Not all people have the same level of balance. Athletes typically have greater balance than normal people because they arduously train to improve it. The concept of balance has been used in various sports for a very long period of time.As Sprunt (2000) and others noted, the term off-balance is also widely used in different types of sports. Thus, a basketball player may be said to have been caught off-balance if he loses his footing as he scrambles for the ball. Generally, it is not good to lose your balance in any kind of sport (Sprunt, 2000, p. 63). Balance itself is related to another important factor in executing movement: stability. Stability is the ability to maintain a person’s balance while encountering things that ruin that balance. To put it another way, stability is how balanced a person is.Different athletes have different tactics that increase the level of their st ability as they encounter forces that may be going against them. According to Foran, athletes typically face gravity, air resistance and friction when performing in sports (Foran, 2001, p. 119). For this reason, some athletes train hard to raise their stability to the level of being as steady as a rock. Sports shows typically have play by play slow-motions that showcase moving stability by players of different sports. For instance, stability is clearly shown on highlights of football plays.A football player displays excellent balance when he reaches out for the ball whizzing through the air. He jumps high using a single leg and lands gracefully on the same leg. However, that excellent balance may be disrupted by a rampaging opponent that slams into him as he's floating above the ground or standing on one leg. After the dust clears, you'll usually see the other player down on the ground because he traded stability for balance. Compare the previous example of a 300 pound lineman with his body arched and his center of gravity positioned low.This athlete can receive the hammering force of a 400 pound lineman, pushing him to get out of the way. The athlete does not drop to his knees, spread-eagle on the ground because his stability is way off the charts. If the lineman is really stable, he may even have the ability to push back his opponent or ram his way through the defense, sending him crawling on the ground. In this case, his opponent is the one that lacks stability and so he pays dearly for it (Foran, 2001, p. 119). Also, stability may be harder to maintain if forces are coming from many different directions.A lineman may be able to defend against the opponent directly in front of him, but he may not fare as easily if the opponent comes from his left, right or back. It's still possible to hold a great level of stability however, if the athlete's position is correct and if he has the right body to counter massive objects that's coming at him from different direc tions. Almost all kinds of physical sports showcase balance and stability. Sports like baseball and basketball are no different because athletes continuously move their bodies in these sports.As Thompson and Baldwin (2007) observed, athletes in these sports and others must do various drills to improve their balance. They must train their core muscle groups to have the excellent level of balance and stability that their sports require (Thompson and Baldwin, 2007, p. 369). In baseball, balance and stability are shown in the role of the catcher who tries to catch baseballs sent flying by the pitcher. In basketball, balance and stability are exemplified by huge, tall centers or post players that play near the basket.It is important to note that these sports are played very differently but both of them require superb balance and stability nonetheless. First, the baseball catcher has to have great physical attributes such as fast feet and hands, mighty arms and excellent balance and stabi lity. He spends much of his time on the baseball field crouching and anticipating the ball that the pitcher will throw. His weight is distributed on his heels. He bends his knees so that his upper leg is parallel to the ground. You'll also notice that his backside is positioned close to his heels.His back must not curve and shoulder blades must be positioned a little bit backward to give him more stability. To further increase stability, he must hold his head up high and he must hold out his glove. This unique crouching position is supported by the baseball catcher's amazing balance and stability (Thompson and Baldwin, 2007, p. 369). The baseball player in the previous example shows linearity in his balance and stability. Remember that balance is a person's ability to get rid of forces that ruin the evenness or equilibrium of things.Compare this to stability which refers to the level at which a person can maintain his balance while encountering things that may ruin it. Simply put, l inear stability occurs when you are able to resist an object that tries to move you. In the previous example, the catcher's stability is put to the test when tries to stop a ball that's flying toward him at 80 or 90 mph (Thompson and Baldwin, 2007, p. 369). Stability that is based on linear movement is influenced by the mass of the moving object that carries force and the object that tries to stop that force.The moving object here is the ball that flies toward the pitcher and may end up in the catcher's resisting hands. For many catchers, reaching the optimal stability that is based on linear movement is very easy. Baseball is a tough sport because it requires players to have great balance and stability while maintaining focus on the ball that's flying toward them. The catcher in the previous example must train hard to be able to block bad pitches and throw out runners who attempt to steal bases. In some cases, the catcher may have to abandon his crouching position to block a bad pi tch.This move trades stability for balance to catch the ball. The crouching position shows the three most important principles of a stable body (Mull, 2005, p. 174). First, the catcher increases his stability by broadening his base. The resulting position is that the catcher's feet are wide apart and firmly on the ground. Second, the baseball catcher centralizes his line of gravity by straightening his back and holding his head up high. Third, he crouches with his knees bent to lower his center of gravity, further adding to the stability of his whole body.When all of these positions are combined, the catcher comes up with a stable crouching position that allows him to easily move his whole body when catching a flying ball even when it is outside the normal zone. Stability is also based on an athlete’s capability to move his line of gravity forward, anticipating a fast-approaching force. This type of movement may unbalance him for a short duration of time, but the force of the approaching object might restore him to his previous balance. This is not the case though for a baseball catcher who blocks bad pitches.Even though the ball flies fast toward the catcher, its mass is still little compared to other balls. The catcher then puts his line of gravity directly in front of the approaching ball but quickly restores his balance. He also usually drops to his knees to bring down his center of gravity and increase his stability. Balance and stability can also take each other’s place in baseball. For example, balance and stability are reversed when a runner steals a base and is challenged by a catcher. The catcher positions his line of gravity directly in front of the fast-approaching force to throw the runner out.Another skill of a baseball catcher is throwing the ball to the base, which consists of applying force rather than resisting it. The catcher tends to rise to keep his line of gravity in the center and avoid falling down before throwing the ball . His weight is transferred to the back of his foot as he moves his body backward to throw the ball. There are also cases where the player who throws the ball temporarily moves his center of gravity outside the area where support is strongest. As the ball is thrown, the center of gravity moves from the back of the support area to the center and then to the front.The dynamics of balance and stability can also be seen in the sport of basketball. There was a time when post players were players that are massive and tall. This allowed them to block offensive players that run to the basket. Today, however, post players are not that huge anymore and they have better footwork. They are faster and more agile, so they can keep up with quick short players that have many tricks to drive to the basket. While post players of the past and today are different, they both still use the principles of balance and stability when playing their game.A post player or a center receives huge forces when guar ding the basket. This is a prime example of static stability in the face of opposing forces (Moran and McGlynn, 1997, p. 56). Post players from the opposing team constantly push and pull him to get him out of the way. Mass is important in being a post player to have enough balance and stability to withstand those vicious offensive moves. The more massive a player is, the greater is his stability. For example, Shaquille O’Neal or Shaq was extremely successful because of his extraordinary mass. There was a time when basketball experts claimed he weighed around 380 lbs.90 percent of that weight consists of muscle tissue and other nonfat tissue. Because of O’Neal’s great mass, other players find it very difficult to break his defense. Offense under the basket is also easy because his defenders just seem to bounce off him. His level of stability is excellent, which makes him an almost perfect post player. The perfect post player though, is not the perfect basketball player. In fact, a player who has a great mass often finds it difficult to change his direction when moving. In this case, quickness and agility are sacrificed for stability and balance.This is similar to a rampaging sumo wrestler that gets easily thrown out of the ring when his quick opponent steps to one side. Post players though, typically play within a very short distance from the basket, so their weakness in terms of quickness and agility is hard to exploit. New centers or post players like Yao Ming have less mass but are quicker and more agile. They are less stable because of their small base, but they can change direction quickly, which is useful in guarding against fast players that drive to the basket. Tall players however, may have lesser balance than shorter players because their center of gravity is very high.You’ll notice that short players are very balanced even when they are dribbling around a number of defenders because their center of gravity is nearer to the ground. Having a wide base is extremely important in being a post player (Chandler and Brown, 2008, p. 87). For this reason, many post players spend long hours in the gym to build their body and widen their base. If a post player’s base is not wide enough, he’ll find it harder to stop offensive attacks coming directly at him from the opposing team. Blocking a player with a small base is easy if the post player’s base is large.Another important factor in being a good post player is the center of gravity. It’s always best to lower a player’s center of gravity to increase his balance and stability. The reason why post players play with knees bent is that they have to widen their base and lower their center of gravity. It’s not always best to widen the base and lower your center of gravity though, as the post player will be sacrificing his height. This makes him vulnerable to high-jumping players from the opposing team who can always drive to t he basket and jump high against the short post player.A post player may also move his base forward to face the opposing force. Moving the line of gravity forward stabilizes the post player, helping hem to successfully guard the basket. It’s not advisable to move the center of gravity too near the front of his base though, because this might result in the player losing his balance. In conclusion, applying balance and stability when playing different sports is important to athletes for them to achieve their goals. Both athletes and coaches should pay more attention to balance and stability to be more successful in their sports.Various sports skills should be honed and trained so the athlete becomes more effective. The physical, mental, and emotional aspects of his game must all come together and become one. While other attributes such as agility and speed are also important in executing different sports skills, balance and stability are very basic in almost all kinds of sports. Without balance and stability, an athlete has a higher chance of failing in his chosen sport. He must constantly weigh the pros and cons of developing balance and stability over other attributes.He may also review the tradeoffs between balance and stability because each one presents their own advantages in a sport. He’ll be more effective in his chosen sport once he perfects his balance and stability. References Carr, G. (2007). Mechanics of Sport: A Practitioner's Guide. Detroit, MI: Human Kinetics Foran, B. (2001). High-performance Sports Conditioning: Modern Training for Ultimate Athletic Development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Sprunt, K. , Kerwin, D. , & Fowler, N. (2000). An Introduction to Sports Mechanics: A HomeStudy Pack Providing Sportspeople with an Introduction to the Basic Mechanics of Movement. Coachwise. Thompson, W. , & Baldwin, K. (2007). ACSM's Resources for the Personal Trainer: Techniques, Complications, and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Moran, G. , & McGlynn, G. (1997). Cross-training for Sports: Programs for 26 Sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Chandler, T. J. , & Brown, L. (2008). Conditioning for Strength and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Mull, R. , Bayless, K. , & Jamieson, L. M. (2005). Recreational Sport Management. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

The Republic Concept

The Republic Concept A republic is a nationhood that does not observe direct nevertheless it has a structure of administration in which some significant members of the group retain the supreme control over the government. They make decisions in reference to established law other than the head of states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Republic Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"The word republic is derived from a Latin phrase, ‘res publica,’ which means public affairs†[1]. Often a republic is seen as a sovereign state, though this should not be mistaken with other sub-national units that are described as to as a republic, or that have government that is described as republican in form[2]. For example, Article IV of the Constitution of the United States guarantees to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government. The Soviet Union was a single state made up of discrete and ostensibly sovereig n Soviet Socialist Republics†[3]. In many contexts, the term republic normally refers to a system of government that gets its powers from the governed rather than from default or excessive means, for instance inheritance or divine right.[4] â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu supported the idea of a republic, and recommended on the city-states of Greece as models†[5] Nonetheless, both also opined that a nation state like France, with a population of 20 million, was impractical to be administered as a republic. â€Å"Rousseau explained his ideal political structure of small autonomous communes, however Montesquieu noted that a city state was principally a republic, but held that a partial monarchy was more suited for to a large nation.†[6] In 1995, a Princeton survey research association conducted an interview randomly to adults where people were asked how much they trusted their government to do the right thing, 21 percent said most of the time, 71 percen t said only on sometimes. They were again asked the same question about their state government the result were slightly better since 30 percent said most of the time while 62 percent said only sometimes[7]. From these results we can conclude that the American people believe that their government is not doing the right thing in many of actions it takes. We know that nobody is perfect in this world but this numbers are so high resulting into some questions that needs answers such as, What caused this problem in the United States, what is the extend of this problem in our country, and is this distrust of our government even a serious problem at all?[8] The answer to these questions cannot be easily found reason being there is no exact cause of the problem that can be pinpointed though people claim that it is as a result of poor leadership. Two of the biggest drops in the publics confidence in the government occurred in 1964, during the bombing of Vietnam, and in 1972 during Watergate ( Nye) during the time President Johnson and President Nixon were in power.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although these two events may have contributed to the distrust of the American government, it does not necessarily mean that they are fully responsible to what is happened[9]. This happened 20 years ago and cannot be the cause of distrust to date because for one reason, the act of mistrust of the government has been growing consistently and cannot be compared to before. Therefore the problem cannot be pegged to the two leaders but the entire American political leaders.[10] Another survey was done in a 1995 where 35 percent of the respondents viewed the main reason why they did not trust the federal government is that politicians lack honesty and integrity another 45 percent said politicians are not concerned with the interests and well-being of the people. This results clearly show that there is no way people can trust there government as a whole if they do not trust those who make up the government. To know how wide spread the problem of distrust is in the American government ABC News polling organization did seven different polls between 1985-1987 asking, How much of the time do you trust the government in Washington to do what is right? Between 56-62 percent said sometimes or never.[11] In 1994, polls results showed that 15 percent of the American public had confidence in the federal government and only 30 percent had confidence in their state and local government. Distrust in United States government is not mainly from a small segment of people mainly the poor as many people think because from the research conducted we can see that Americans have very little trust in their political leaders.[12] It is clear distrust of the government by the people and this poses serious problems when it comes to governance and cooperation. Many people state th at the cynicism and distrust in America are not a problem at all. People say that mistrust of government has been around since the country’s beginning and is nothing to worry about they farther believe that America was founded with a mistrust of government that is king George of England. Another opinion is that people value the constitution so much even though they do not trust the every day activities of the government, 80% of Americans believe United States as the best place in the world to live and 19% say that they like the democratic system of government. Thy e fact that not all the Americans actions are mistrusted gives hope to the citizens to gain back trust in there government.[13]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Republic Concept specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The majority of people do not trust their government and its causes are varied. This trend, though it can be related to the type of polit icians that are being elected in the country and the peoples feelings towards those officials. Although some do not believe it is really a problem, it would be nice to be able to place some faith and trust is the people who lead and direct this country. It appears that the only way to do that is to elect individual people that we can trust and the only way to accomplish that is to become educated on the issues and vote.[14][15] Adams, Paul. Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970): pp. 397–421. Print. Anderson, Lisa. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1–15. Print. Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Prin t. Everdell, William. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finer, Samuel. The History of Government from the Earliest Times. Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Gelderen, Martin Skinner, Quentin. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002. Print. Haakonssen, Knud. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. Print. Hankins, James. â€Å"Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic.† Political Theory 38.4 (August 2010): 452-482. Print. Kramnick, Isaac. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Print. Maynor, John. Republicanism in the modern world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. Print. McCormick, John. Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge Schools Guicciardinian Moments' Political Theory, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003): pp. 615–643. Print. Nippel, Wilfried. Anci ent and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print. Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997. Print. Footnotes John Maynor. Republicanism in the modern world. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 4. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Knud Haakonssen. Republicanism. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995, p. 15. Isaac Kramnick. Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 36. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicanism. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Wilfried, Nippel. Ancient and Modern Republicani sm. The Invention of the Modern Republic ed. Biancamaria Fontana. London: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63. Bernard, Bailyn. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967, 56. Lisa Anderson. Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991): pp. 1–15. William Everdell. The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p. 136. Philip, Pettit. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, 147. Martin Gelderen Quentin Skinner. Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v2, The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002, 89. John, McCormick. Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge Schools Guicciardinian Moments' Political Theory, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003): pp. 615–643. Samuel, Finer. The History of Gov ernment from the Earliest Times. Oxford University Press, 1999, 245. James, Hankins. â€Å"Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic.† Political Theory 38.4 (August 2010): 452-482. Adams, Paul. Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970): pp. 397–421.